Grahams Formula for Diffusion and Effusion

Graham's Formula for Diffusion and Effusion Grahams law expresses the relationship between the rate of effusion or diffusion of a gas and the gass molar mass. Diffusion describes the spreading of a gas throughout a volume or a second gas, while effusion describes the movement of a gas through a tiny hole into an open chamber. In 1829, Scottish chemist Thomas Graham determined, through experimentation, that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas particle mass and to its density. In 1848, he showed that the rate of effusion of a gas is also inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas. Grahams law also shows that the kinetic energies of gases are equal at the same temperature. Grahams Law Formula Grahams law states that the rate of diffusion or effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the molar mass of the gas: r ∠ 1/(M) ½ or r(M) ½ constant ï » ¿where r rate of diffusion or effusion and M molar mass. Generally, this law is used to compare the difference in rates between between two different gases: Gas A and Gas B.  The law assumes that the temperature and pressure are the same for the  two gases.  When Grahams law is used for such a comparison, the formula is written: rGas A/rGas B (MGas B) ½/(MGas A) ½ Example Problems One way to apply Grahams law is to determine whether one gas will effuse more quickly or slowly than another and to quantify the difference in rate. For example, if you want to compare the rates of effusion of hydrogen gas (H2) and oxygen gas (O2), you use the molar masses of the gases (two for hydrogen and 32 for oxygen) and relate them inversely: rate H2/rate O2 321/2 / 21/2 161/2 / 11/2 4/1 The equation shows that hydrogen gas molecules effuse four times more quickly than oxygen molecules. Another type of Grahams law problem may ask you to find the molecular weight of a gas if you know the identity of one gas and the ratio between the rates of effusion of two different gases. This problem can be expressed as: M2 M1Rate12 / Rate22 A practical application of Grahams law is uranium enrichment. Natural uranium consists of a mixture of isotopes, each of which has a slightly different mass. In gaseous diffusion, uranium ore is made into uranium hexafluoride gas, which is repeatedly diffused through a porous substance. Each time, the material that passes through the pores becomes more concentrated in U-235 (the isotope used to generate nuclear energy). This is because the isotope diffuses at a faster rate than U-238, which is heavier.

Design market research report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Design market research report - Essay Example In his early projects he used recycled bottles. He has sought to instill his products with a magic and romance that usually transcend their functions. He makes computer generated floral drawings and also develops designs for mass production. He has a work collection of glassware for Dartington crystal and also develops new products e.g. eyewear (Jennifer 2006). He has created a collection of products in different areas i.e. tableware, party and decoration items, consumables and lighting. He has also collaborated with Target which is a large retail store in the making of different products. He has made store decorations for one thousand five hundred stores, graphics for all catalogues and has also collaborated with directors of arts in television commercials. They sell their products in Target. He prefers this Target in comparison to others because it has a larger potential and scale. It is estimated that over one hundred million people shopping in Target usually come across his products especially during the Christmas festivities (Jennifer 2006). His project the Wednesday light which is used by Habitat has also enlarged his market. This is because working with Habitat has made the lights to be produced in large quantities. The production in mass quantities has also enabled him to keep the prices down. He employs modern techniques in his designs. ... He uses technology as a way of creating new methods and also to make new expressions. He likes the use of sensual material surfaces. It's the new industrial processes that make him be in a position to look at the quality again. He uses the computer to draw then sends the materials directly to the production machines to make the products. He has more preference on the process of manufacturing. Currently he has designed a new version of Wednesday night which is made of nickel plated brass instead of the former stainless steel. It is of a larger size which in turn means that a large variety of flower designs would fit. The modern version also has less punk because it is packed in a flat pack. He has also developed romantic aesthetics which depict nature. These aesthetics have vibrant colors. He makes doll chairs and other chairs which are usually covered with organdies and mouse lines and are prepared using s variation of colors and textures. He makes designs with colors which are usually inspired by nature. Marrimeko Company Marrimeko is a finish company that was established in 1951. The company is involved in the manufacturing, designing, and also markets high quality clothing, bags, and other accessories. The company designs products of vivid colors and which have large scale patterns. This has made it to increase its popularity and also increase its market level. They have bold patterns and unique styles which cut across generations. The company usually works in a different way as compared to other companies. It has processes that are not so linear and coherent. Issues are usually heavily discussed and a lot of thinking is done before any decision is made in this company. Marrimeko has a high level market. Their sales had a 50% rise within the last two years.

Microenomomic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Microenomomic - Essay Example If we consider an office style or look during 1986 to 1996 we can find a very large great development. Offices in those days were not having air conditioners, highly glazed tiles and never use to consider to place an office in the posh localities of the city. The ideology of having an office was to a business in a marked place where potential consumers throng at a particular place. So having a shop or an office at that place was enough. So this was the primary reason why office development was not so significant during the decade. Considering an in-depth analysis as to why an office development is needed. If a business done by that office is very sophisticated, to the tune of lakhs and crores of money, or if the business demands such high class office. Only there we can say that there will be a significant development in the office layout or the structure. The above conditions were considered only during that decade 1986-1996. That was the mindset of people in those days. Considering from the year 1986 there were no business which were very sophisticated only some of the business like car dealer show rooms or a photo studios were to be very tastefully established even here also there is a reason behind the offices to be so classy. The money involved behind the car and photo studio business was very high compared to the other businesses. Even today if we see car and studio business make large business then many small business. From the above examples it is clear then office development is directly related to the money involved. Office development activity was concluded t be very show process since it would involve money and time and also down time for several business applications. Even renovations take time. But the need for office development comes with its demand for posh office. During the percent of the population residing I rented homes. Every other person use to have their own home. While setting up an office, land value was not at all a constraining factor for the businessmen. After the death of the great Indian leaders Mrs.Indira Ghandi made many restrictions put by her were removed by her son Rajiv Ghand paved a way to a new beginning to a developed living and well-being. Real estates business was almost nil in the first decade. The primary potential of business in India being agriculture, the land values were very low. The traders and dealers who were to buy crops from the farmers and small peasants and who were situated in cities were to have nicely decorated offices and large go downs. More ove r the advanced material required to construct posh offices were not available at that time in the Indian market. Offices those days were but and decorated with whatever material was available in local market. Behind every activity there comes the need were there was not necessity too hence state of the art offices It was only after the then Prime Minister Rajiv Ghandhi lifted the sanctions in 1988 put by Indira Ghandi . The multi national company started the operations soon after the sanctions were lifted. This slowly stated the development of particular fields like information technology and telecom etc. This was a major revolution as far as development corporate sector was considered. As I have mentioned earlier there should be a need for any activity, IT and Telecom were the key reasons behind the developmental activity which involved

An analysis of obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

An analysis of obesity - Essay Example Obesity results from an increase in the intake of calories than the individual can burn off by engaging in physical activity. In the modern day, lifestyles promote the consumption of food with calories more so the ones that have excessive fats as well as sugar (Egger & Swinburn, 2010, 110). For instance, the working population loves eating take away foods mainly, fries, hamburger and milkshake. The fast food average a total of about 1,500 calories in a single meal yet an average person requires 2,000 to 2,500 calories to maintain a normal weight (Lustig, 2011, p.54). Biologically, the body of an individual who consumes products with excess calories tends to store the excess energy as fat. Lack of Physical Activity The situation worsens because most of the individuals spend a lot of time sitting on sofas or at desks in the work place. Rarely do people with excess body fats walk or engage in cycling to exercise the body because of the overreliance on cars. Obese people always have the desire to relax the body (Freedman, 2009, p.7). It is a lot more likely to find obese individuals watching television or browsing on the internet than going to the gym. Obese children are no exception as many are the cases where parents drive and pick up such children to school (Bouchard, 2000, p. 331). The children have negative attitude towards engaging in tiring exercises and would rather play computer games. Poor Diets Many families have poor diets comprising of either beer, which has a lot of calories or sugary drinks as part the meal.

Analysing The Age Of Global Tribes Philosophy Essay

Analysing The Age Of Global Tribes Philosophy Essay In The age of global tribes, Amin Maalouf presents two themes; religion as the main identifier in now a days and globalization. He discusses these in parallel, demonstrating how they affect and shape one another. He approaches the issue of religion by attempting to analyze how it came to be that specific aspect of identity that everyone seems to be holding on to presently through a series of questions resonating around the source or reason for this global drive back to religion. He provides some probable answers attributing this phenomenon, as he calls it, for example to the fall of Communism and Marxism and how their goal of obliterating religion back fired, hence making religion the sole refuge for the oppressed. The authors position is clear through out this chapter, for although, hes personally not against religious affiliation and he believes that religion is always going to be a present factor no matter how dynamic the equation of life got, he still stands against religious affiliation being the primary or sole form of identification and declares that we are in a need for an other aspect of association He calls upon a separation of church and identity and states that if religious affiliation were to be replaced, it ought to be with something more humane and not the opposite. When addressing the issue of globalization, Maalouf describes its power of propagation and how in the face of such a strong phenomenon, religion is being chosen as the shield and sought as a refuge since it seems to be comforting and fulfilling both urging needs of spirituality and identity. This is a very interesting chapter from his book, as it discusses an extremely real and present phenomena, the battle between identity and globalization. One could take such a dilemma lightly dismissing it as a natural reaction to change, but what one must realize is that like any battle ever fought, its the lessons that one learns while fighting that are more valuable than the outcome itself. We, as individuals should be concerned about this ongoing conflict, one that we are involved in without even being aware of. We take it for granted that we know who we are and where we stand but when faced with a crisis, things shift drastically and we surprisingly find ourselves on sides we might not have known even existed. Thats what this excerpt invoked in me, while reading it, especially when the author presents the idea of how one is in fact closer to his contemporaries than to his ancestors, elaborating this through the two types of heritages that he calls vertical and horizontal. Our ho rizontal heritages seem to affect us more than we realize, this is something to seriously reflect upon and understand since we do by habit or denial tend to hold ourselves in regards primarily if not solely of the verticals level point of view. For this battle to end, we all should find a way to mingle these two phases of our heritages within us in order to achieve inner peace. This should be taken on an individual level; every part should heal itself in order for the whole to be able to achieve harmony. Globalization like any other phenomenon is a medium; it has both good and bad in it. Why do we take it as a habit to scorn upon the objects, means or mediums rather than the persons who use them to do bad? These mediums are not bad or good by nature but they hold the potentiality of being one or the other, depending on whos using them. They are in a state of neutrality until used, and hence the outcome if bad should therefore be attributed to the person and not vice versa. The author in this chapter tries to show the potential good that globalization can bring in that it can in fact help direct the worlds attention to a global identity. The only aspect that we all should hold as primary of our identities, is our humanity, thats the type of lineage that we should strongly identify with, thats what we all have in common , thats what we all are no matter what . Admitting that common bond will in no way make us less of the individuals that we are. How did union come to mean loss? Why is it ok to belong to a certain group but suddenly its threatening if its on a universal level? On the contrary, I find it personally to be inspiring and strengthening to belong to such a universal lineage, especially one that is as certain and as real as humanity. Because coming to think of it, anything else in the world is taken now a days by words or actions, making it a complex and unstable foundation for intentions and motives are involved and one can never manage to know these for sure but humanity is the only aspect of ourselves that is undisputed; one cannot pretend to be a human being! Of course, history is full of examples of certain characters that lacked humanity in them as shown by their actions and thoughts but these I insist remain an exception. I find myself standing on Maaloufs side in his call for a universal identity , one that we all belong to by the virtue of our humanity and through which we all enjoy our fundamental rights and one in which our dignity is revered and preserved. For universality cannot exist without such concepts. Human dignity should be maintained above all. Unfortunately, realistically speaking we stand in a world very far from achieving this view any time soon whether it is due to political systems, materialistic notions or simply apathy , I honestly dont know. But I do hold conviction to one thing and that is in order for us to embody such a vision, we will have to start with ourselves first, this has to be fought on an individual level and once weve all dealt with it ,well realize that the battle is already won.

Bram Stokers Dracula :: Dracula Essays

Bram Stoker's Dracula         Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting of the story begins in 19th century Europe, in the eerie country of Transylvania.   A solicitor from England named Jonathan Harker is sent by a business man to meet with an old Count named Dracula at his castle located far from civilization.   Residents of Transylvania who become aware of his destination begin crossing themselves and giving him garlic and blessings.   As a result of these gestures, Mr. Harker soon develops an uneasy feeling about visiting the mysterious Count.   He arrives at Castle Dracula regardless, and makes his acquaintances with Dracula.   He soon realizes that the count is no normal human, but an evil, blood-sucking vampire, who can command animals and elements with the wave of his hand. Harker escapes but the Count has devised an intricate plan to move to London and exercise his evil forces on innocent people there.   However, a group of friends, including an open-minded but ingenious professor, a psychologist, an American, a rich man, as well as Jon an Harker and his wife Mina, learn of the Count's sinister plan and pledge to destroy him before he can create an army of un-dead vampires.   They systematically destroy his coffins with holy wafers and chase him out of England back to Castle Dracula.   There they carry out an ultimate plan to destroy Dracula.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The Author uses suspense as a storytelling device rather effectively throughout the story.   There are a fair number of parts in which the reader is left suspended on the edge of   seat, eager to find out what is to happen next.   However, there were parts where suspense could be used in a manner that would enhance the gravity of the plot.   Nonetheless, The book is written in a unique way that allows suspense to be used easily and effectively built up.   Dracula is written in first person like many other novels but then it differs slightly.   The book starts off as a first person Journal of the first character describing his experiences.   But then it switches to someone else's journal, and then to letters between two characters, and later to a newspaper article.   It follows this pattern

Examples of Research Proposal on Physical Activity and Environmental Perception Essay

Background and Rationale Gender is an important confounder in the epidemiology of physical activity, where men are more physically active than women (Aadahl, Kjaer & Jorgensen, 2007; Azevedo et.al., 2007). Within sport research, the focus on race and religiosity from a social science perspective has for a long time been a marginal research area. The early research on race and sport has been criticised for being ethnocentric (Fleming 1994) with stereotypes like ‘Arabic countries are not interested in sports’ or ‘Muslim girls are constrained by their parents from participating’ and that ‘the level of physical activity among Muslim women is low outside and inside their home’. These need further groundwork examination to determine its accuracy. Researchers have explained the low level of participation of women of Asian and North African origin in sports in Europe as a result of both religious and cultural barriers as well as racism and discrimination within sports organisat ions. For example, it is often argued that Muslim immigrant girls face gender-specific barriers that limit their leisure-time activities, such as household responsibilities. Racism as an explanation for the low level of involvement is currently widely accepted among researchers (Carrington and McDonald 2001). Lovell (1991) found that Asian women are often given less attention and discriminated against in physical education because of teachers’ ideas of Asian girls as passive and frail and therefore not interested in sports. Sport participation has scientifically been proven to provide these benefits: lower risk of getting heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, colon cancer, and diabetes, lower high blood pressure, reduced anxiety and depression and improved mood. It also helps cope with stress and control weight, provides more energy, promotes better sleep and overall appearance (Moore, 2007). The Purpose of the Study This research aims to identify the kinds and level of physical activity that Bruneian university students do on their daily routine and association of environmental perception from developing country (Brunei) and developed country (United Kingdom). The study will look into the physical activity engagement of the target group within a period of 7 days. Research Question: 1. Are the gender differences in physical activity among Bruneian University students studying in the United Kingdom? 2. Are there differences in perception of the environment between male and female among Bruneian university students in the United Kingdom? Procedures and Protocols This research will be using quantitative methods of data gathering in the form of a survey. Snowball sampling will be used in this research. Approximately 150 Bruneian University students are expected to participate in the survey, consisting of 50% males and 50% females. All Bruneian students must be study in the United Kingdom for at least one year of academic year or two terms (2010/2011). The participants will be volunteers and the age range is from 18 to 59 years old. The participants will be recruited if they show interest in an email sent out from a social networking service (Facebook). The participants will be examined based on their time spent (moderate to vigorous activity) being physically active in the last 7 days, with the data examined through transcription and content analysis as well as environmental perception. Survey Questionnaires This study will use various self-administered survey questionnaires that are designed to determine the kinds of daily physical activity that Bruneian University students engage in as part of their daily routine, especially within a period 7 days. This study will look into the time spent by respondents sitting as an indicator of sedentary behaviour. In each of the four domains, the number of days per week and time per day spent in both moderate and vigorous activity will be recorded. There are three levels of physical activity proposed to classify respondents – ‘low’, ’moderate’, and ‘high’. Another set of questionnaire will be focus on their environmental perception on the environmental factor from Brunei to United Kingdom. The data needed will be derived from direct surveys, opinion or Internet surveys and literature review Data Analysis Methods The physical activity data from the questionnaire will be transformed into energy expenditure estimates as MET. To calculate the weekly physical  activity (MET-h week-1), the number of hours dedicated to each activity class will be multiplied by the speciï ¬ c-MET score for that activity and statistically analysed. This will be used to find significant relationships between and among the data gathered. The data will be analyzed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS). The correlation between physical activity level and environmental perception will be analyzed. Likely Value of Results The results will show us the continuous measure of physical activity and will be reported as median MET-minutes. Median values and interquartile ranges can be computed for walking (W), moderate-intensity activities (M), and vigorous-intensity activities (V) within the time period surveyed. Total scores may also be calculated for walking (W), moderate-intensity activities (M), and vigorous-intensity activities (V) for each domain (work, transport, domestic and garden, and leisure) to provide an aggregate summary of the data. The result of this study can be use as an intervention for Bruneian students that study in UK or any other country in order to improve their health and physical activity. References: Carrington B, and McDonald, I (2001).â€Å"Race,† sport and British society. London. Fleming, S. (1994). Sport and South Asian youth: the perils of ‘false universalism’ and stereotyping. Leisure Studies 13(3), pp. 159–177. Moore, K. (2004). Muslim Women Athletes Move Ahead, But Don’t Leave Faith Behind. Physical Activity. Lovel. T (1991), Sport, racism and young women, in G. Jarvie (ed.), Sport, racism and ethnicity, London 58–73. Aadahl M, Kjaer M, Jorgensen T. (2007) Influence of time spent on TV viewing and vigorous intensity physical activity on cardiovascular biomarkers. The Inter 99 Study. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil ; 14: 660-5. Azevedo MR, Araujo CL, Reichert FF, Siqueira FV, da Silva MC, Hallal PC. (2007). Gender differences in leisure-time and physical activity. International Journal of Public Health; 52: 8-15.

Management Theories Essay

Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations discusses the optimal organization of a pin factory; this becomes the most famous and influential statement of the economic rationale of the factory system and the division of labor. Major works of Adam Smith The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) Essays on Philosophical Subjects (published posthumously 1795) Lectures on Jurisprudence (published posthumously 1776) Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres Frederick W. Taylor sometimes called â€Å"the father of scientific management.† He was one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. The Principles of Scientific Management, published in 1911. His approach is also often referred to, as Taylor’s Principles, or frequently disparagingly, as Taylorism. Taylor’s scientific management consisted of four principles: 1.Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the tasks. 2.Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. 3.Provide â€Å"Detailed instruction and supervision of each worker in the performance of that worker’s discrete task† (Montgomery 1997: 250). 4.Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks Taylor’s contribution to organizational theory This required an organization theory similar for all practical purposes to that advocated by those organizational theorists who followed. These theorists developed principles of management, which included much of Taylor’s philosophy His framework for organization was: †¢clear delineation of authority †¢responsibility †¢separation of planning from operations †¢incentive schemes for workers †¢management by exception †¢task specialization Max Weber Bureaucratic Management Max Weber is best known as one of the leading scholars and founders of modern sociology, but Weber also accomplished much economic work in the style of the â€Å"youngest† German Historical School. Eliminate the human intervention during the business process. Weber’s bureaucratic management consisted of 6 principles: 1-Roles and regulation should be written. 2-Impersonality treatment. 3-Division of labor. 4-Hierarchical structure. 5- Authority structure. 6-Rationality. Henri Fayol Henri Fayol was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management, having proposed that there are five primary functions of management: (1) Planning, (2) Organizing, (3) Commanding, (4) Coordinating, and (5) Controlling